Animals with a backbone may have first emitted something akin to bleeps, grunts, crackles, toots and snorts more than 400 million years ago
Most people don’t think of turtles as being exceptionally chatty—or even making sounds at all. But research published today in Nature Communications reveals that at least 50 turtle species vocalize—and that several other types of cold-blooded vertebrates previously assumed to be silent do so, too. The finding has broader implications because of the evolutionary history of the species studied.
Vocalizations are especially intriguing to scientists, given their importance across the animal kingdom. Sound leaves no trace in the fossil record, however, so researchers seeking to understand the evolutionary origins of vocalizations have to extrapolate backward using data from current species. Jorgewich Cohen collected at least 24 hours of video and acoustic recordings for each species. And in an attempt to capture the breadth of social situations the animals might face, he recorded them in both isolation and various groupings: females only, males only, mixed sex couples and individuals of different ages. After collecting the recordings, Jorgewich Cohen undertook the painstaking task of sifting through more than 1,000 hours of audio.
“Reconstructing the evolution of behaviors is always a daunting task, and acoustic communication even more,” adds Darcy Kelley, a neurobiologist at Columbia University, who was not involved in the work. One reason the paper is exciting, she says, is because it “gives us a lot more species to study in order to understand which parts of the neural circuitry that supports vocal communication are ancient and conserved across long evolutionary periods and which are newer.
Jorgewich Cohen acknowledges that follow-up studies will have to be conducted on individual species to explore their full repertoire of sounds and confirm those sounds’ meanings.
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