BBC News - Tonga volcanic eruption reshaped Pacific seafloor
Two-thirds of that was the ash and rock ejected out through the volcano's caldera, or opening.
This transport took the form of pyroclastic density currents, which are avalanches of tumbling, scorching rock and gas. In water, their searing heat would have enveloped them in a frictionless steam cushion on which they could simply run and run at very high speed. "Where you had these flows, there is nothing living there today. It's like a desert 70km from the volcano," Dr Mackay said. "And yet, amazingly, just under the rim of the volcano, in places that avoided these density currents, you do find life. You find sponges. They dodged a bullet."Waves were recorded across the Pacific but also in other ocean basins - in the Atlantic and even in the Mediterranean Sea.
Niwa natural hazards specialist Dr Emily Lane believes an atmospheric pressure anomaly increased the height of the tsunami waves. The first stage, which mapped and sampled the seafloor around the volcano, was conducted from New Zealand's Research Vessel Tangaroa.
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