Fungi are inextricably linked to our lives and livelihoods, but luckily these won't be taking over the world or our minds ⬇️
Tens of thousands of organisms, from mushrooms to mold to yeast, fall under the umbrella of fungi. Once thought simply to be plants, fungi have emerged as their own taxonomic kingdom. The various fungal species are diverse, with many unique properties: some innocuous, some useful and some harmful.
Based on these and other properties, in 1969 Whittaker proposed that fungi become a separate kingdom as a part of a new five-kingdom system of classification. The proposed classification included a vast array of species. Among them, mushrooms, yeast, molds, slime molds, water molds, puffballs and mildews.
Fungal cells are encased in two layers: an inner cell membrane and an outer cell wall. These two layers have more in common with animals than plants. The bodies of multicellular fungi are made of cells that band together in rows that resemble the branches of trees. Each individual branched structure is called a hypha . Most often, the individual cells in hyphae sit right next to each other in a continuous line but they can sometimes be separated into compartments by a cross wall . Several hyphae mesh together to form the mycelium, which constitutes the fungal body, according to"Van Nostrand.
As a result of exoenzyme activity, large food molecules are broken down into smaller ones, which are brought into the hyphae. Cellular respiration then takes place inside fungal cells. That is to say, organic molecules such as carbohydrates and fatty acids are broken down to generate energy in the form of ATP.
The duration and timing of certain steps of sexual reproduction vary quite a bit between fungal species. Moreover, the reproductive structures also vary from species to species. So much so, that these morphological differences form the basis for dividing the fungal kingdom into sub-groups or phyla, according to the"Encyclopedia of Biodiversity."
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