Everyone alive today can trace their ancestry back to Makgadikgadi in northern Botswana, new research says
is a land of strange contrast. Drive west from Francistown, the country’s second city, and you skirt Makgadikgadi, a white, salt-encrusted plain that is bone dry for most of the year, but which blossoms into sudden, abundant life during the wet season. Follow the road farther and you arrive at Maun, on the edge of the lush inland delta of the Okavango river, the fourth-longest in southern Africa. Two hundred thousand years ago, though, Makgadikgadi was also lush.
Mitogenomic ancestral trees are made by looking for typos in the sequences of genetic “letters” in mitogenomes—places in thewhere a single chemical base differs from one individual to another. Because mitogenomes do not recombine during sex, these changes are all the results of random mutations. By comparing mitogenomes, it is possible to work out in what order the mutations happened.
spread can be constructed. And that is what Dr Hayes and her colleagues did. The branches of their new tree converge in time about 200,000 years ago. In space, they converge on northern Botswana.population lived in one place for perhaps 70,000 years before part of it moved south-west, and a further period of about 20,000 years before another part moved north-east.
The mitogenomic and climatic data thus seem to match. The south-western dispersal would have carried the ancestors of today’sindividuals into other parts of southern Africa. In particular, it would explain the traces of habitation along South Africa’s coast that date from shortly after.
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