What do shark teeth have to do with Indiana's groundwater? Researcher digs for answers

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What do shark teeth have to do with Indiana's groundwater? Researcher digs for answers
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The research is important because certain levels of fluoride in drinking water can be beneficial to dental health, reducing the ability of plaque bacteria to produce acid and damage teeth.

Shark teeth buried in the sands of Florida’s warm sunny beaches and new lab equipment at Indiana University are helping a Hoosier geologist dig into research that could explain dangerously high fluoride levels in some Indiana groundwater.

Branam was aware of similar research in South Carolina that indicated fluoride in the water came from a specific mineral in fossilized shark teeth called apatite and wanted to see if that could be a factor in his Indiana water samples. “I submitted my proposal to federal government agencies and bureaus, including EPA and Department of Health, but at that time they were not interested in groundwater studies as much as surface water research,” Branam said.“Thus ended my dissertation project and my PhD," he said,"but my desire to still conduct this research never faded.”

As Branam’s groundwater research simmered on the back burner, IGWS went through a changing of the guard.Six years ago, Todd Thompson became the director of the institute that researches and collects geologic data and information related to energy, mineral and water resources in the state. The survey funding comes partially from a biennial state appropriation as well as federal and state grant programs.

Another recent addition, an instrument called an autotitrator, replaced a manual machine that only worked sporadically. The new equipment measures different aspects of groundwater, including hardness and fluoride levels. It also can determine the amount of apatite present in samples. Even though Indiana is home to these fossilized shark teeth, it’s impractical to use them in the lab as they’re very fragmented and the core samples geologists pull from those depths are small. So to test his long-held hypothesis, Branam will use a mortar and pestle to crush some of his own fossilized shark tooth collection.

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