We've confirmed 5,000 exoplanet discoveries, with thousands more to come. Here are some of the most outlandish worlds we've found to date.
in Atacama, Chile, astronomers at the University of Geneva, Switzerland and the Centre for Astrobiology in Madrid, Spain, identified the chemical variations on an ultra-hot gas giant planet along the border between its dayside and nightside.
However, recent evidence suggests the presence of barium high in the planet's atmosphere an element nearly 2.5 times as heavy as iron. It is not known how such a heavy element can remain in the atmosphere without sinking, but some researchers speculate that there may be unexpected convection churning heavy elements towards the top of the atmosphere.
"We first thought that these highly irradiated planets could be pretty boring because we believed that they lost their atmospheres. But we looked at existing observations of this planet with Hubble and said, 'Oh no, there is an atmosphere there.'" WASP-103b is about twice the size of Jupiter, with about 50% more mass, and it orbits much closer to its star than Jupiter does. With an orbital period of less than a day, WASP-103b is whipping around its star while under the effect of extreme tidal forces from the star, which is almost twice the size of the Sun and slightly hotter as well.
“The resistance of a material to being deformed depends on its composition,” said Susana Barros, with the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço and University of Porto, Portugal, who lead the research. “For example, here on Earth we have tides due to the Moon and the Sun but we can only see tides in the oceans. The rocky part doesn’t move that much. By measuring how much the planet is deformed we can tell how much of it is rocky, gaseous or water.
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