In the 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of weather observations were carefully made in the logbooks of ships sailing through largely uncharted waters. Today, volunteers from a project called Old Weather are transcribing these observations
But rewind a century to January 1879 and there are far fewer observations, most of them collected on land. About 70% of the Earth is covered in water and that's also where most weather happens, which makes data recorded in the ship's logs highly valuable.In the summer of 1879, the USS Jeannette set off on a voyage intent on making the United States the first nation to reach the North Pole — a historical equivalent of the race to the moon.
The Jeannette quickly became trapped in the ice and spent nearly two years drifting across the Arctic Ocean. The large gap between where the Jeannette encountered the sea ice, and where that ice extends today, shows how conditions have changed in nearly a century and a half.To create modern climate estimates and fold in the historic data, Dr.
A snapshot of this dataset created by Dr. Philip Brohan, a climate scientist at the Met Office in Britain, shows the weather forecast in December 1880. Gray areas represent the"fog of ignorance," or areas of uncertainty, while colored areas represent a forecast based on all available observations, including data from the Jeannette.
For instance, in 1880, an unusually strong storm, often called the “Sitka Hurricane,” made landfall in Alaska and is thought to be one of the strongest storms ever to strike the region. Observations from three ships, including the Jeannette, helped researchers understand that the storm was part of a much larger weather system.
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