Despite popular depictions of the Underground Railroad, escaping over land was almost impossible in the Deep South. So thousands of enslaved people found allies on the water.
Abolitionists in Boston often ignored the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act and attempted to rescue escaped enslaved people. In this illustration, police line the docks as they watch the departure of a ship carrying Thomas Sims, whom a judge ordered to be sent back to Georgia. History textbooks and popular media generally depict the Underground Railroad as an arduous overland journey, one that would stretch for days until the right covered wagon allowed the enslaved to cross over into a free state.
On sea voyages, some sympathetic captains and crews stowed away enslaved people and helped them reach a free state. One notable maritime escape occurred in 1796 in Philadelphia, then the nation’s capital, where a news bulletin called for information about “a mulatto woman namedin 1780, Washington brought Judge back-and-forth between Philadelphia and his estate at Mount Vernon in Virginia. Before one return trip to Virginia, Judge boarded a ship and fled — “without provocation,” the bulletin said.— prohibited aiding anyone who escaped by boat.
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