The yield of the first atomic bomb far surpassed any of the scientist’s expectations—as did the fallout.
In the last two years of nuclear negotiations between the United States and North Korea, we have grown accustomed to the idea that the men who wield the world’s nuclear weapons might not be entirely predictable or even rational—a state of affairs very much in fitting with the messy history of nuclear development.
The General in charge of the experiment disagreed: Time was ticking on the war in Japan. Teams of meteorologists were called in; smoke experiments were conducted; flocks of brightly-colored weather balloons were released and observed as they drifted over the Oscura range.
Such was the range of possible outcomes that various scientists on the test believed likely. Meanwhile, at their posts throughout the desert, the scientists on evacuation duty—in case fallout spread to nearby ranches and towns—held handmade maps of the region that had already proven to be entirely unreliable, depicting roads that no longer existed, or that were now divided by mines.
Later, Kodak executives discovered that, as a result of the Trinity Test, rolls of film had been damaged by nuclear fallout in a river in Illinois, near the factory where their cardboard film containers had been produced. No one had predicted that radioactive fallout would spread as far as Illinois.
Other industries—like the milk industry, for instance—were not warned, and nor were consumers. It was later discovered that in the years after early nuclear bomb tests, a “milk pathway” had exposed infants and children to dangerously high levels of radiation from the milk of cows exposed to radiation “hot spots,” or locations where radioactive rain had fallen in the days after a test.
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