Scientists have long wondered how volcanoes formed in central Anatolia despite being far from tectonic plate borders—now they've found evidence of a hot plume of magma flowing from East Africa
at the edges of Earth’s tectonic plates—slabs of rock that drift slowly atop the planet’s mantle like giant pieces of cracked egg shell. When these plates collide, one normally sinks below the other, releasing molten rock that drives volcanoes above.
The team then analyzed data from 117 basalt samples found in Turkey’s Karacadağ volcanic field. Erupted magma crystallizes in a specific way that can reveal details of its formation. Using this information, they determined a temperature in the channel of around 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit, 95 degrees hotter than the ambient mantle.
This speed, the authors propose, is driven by pressure from the upwelling plume at the East African Rift and the lower viscosity of the hotter magma. “What's really important is that it’s still hot, so it can generate these volcanoes,” Hua says.
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