The echoes, reflecting off nearby gas clouds and observed by NASA's IXPE spacecraft, are evidence that Sagittarius A* had a relatively recent outburst.
is torn asunder, and the debris forms a hot disc of material that spirals into the black hole's maw.
NASA's IXPE spacecraft can measure the polarization of X-ray light from such events. Polarization refers to light waves oscillating in a preferred direction, which can reveal information about how the light has been produced and reflected. IXPE found that the X-ray echoes have a polarization angle consistent with an origin in the direction of Sagittarius A*.
IXPE's view of the polarized X-ray light reflecting off molecular gas clouds in the center of our galaxy. The top image is a wider X-ray view of the galactic center obtained by NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. "Our work presents the missing piece of evidence that X-rays from the giant molecular clouds are due to reflection of an intense, yet short-lived flare produced at or nearby Sgr A*," Marin's team wrote in aThe brightness of the X-ray echoes indicates that this outburst increased the black hole's X-ray luminosity a millionfold compared to its dormant state today. The total amount of energy released is estimated to be between 1039 – 1044 ergs.
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