The fundamental problem with gravity and quantum physics - by StartsWithABang
, also determined by the weak interactions. This set of interactions — the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear forces, acting upon the particles that have the relevant and necessary charges — describes everything that one could want to predict particle behavior under any imaginable conditions.
But there’s a catch. All of the Standard Model calculations we perform are based on particles that exist in the Universe, which means they exist in spacetime. The calculations we typically perform are done so under the assumption that spacetime is flat: an assumption that we know is technically wrong, but one that’s so useful and such a good approximation to the conditions we find on Earth that we plow ahead and make this approximation anyway.
Inside a black hole, the spacetime curvature is so large that light cannot escape, nor can particles, under any circumstances. Although we lack an understanding of what happens at the central singularities of black holes themselves, Einstein’s General Relativity is sufficient for describing the curvature of space more than a few Planck lengths away from the singularity itself.
Although no light can escape from inside a black hole’s event horizon, the curved space outside of it results in a difference between the vacuum state at different points near the event horizon, leading to the emission of radiation via quantum processes. This is where Hawking radiation comes from, and for the tiniest-mass black holes, Hawking radiation will lead to their complete decay in under a fraction-of-a-second.
But that’s precisely what we need. That’s the missing piece: a quantum theory of gravity. Without it, we cannot understand or predict any of the quantum properties of gravity. And before you say, “What if they don’t exist?” know that wouldn’t paint a consistent picture of reality.
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