At least some of the east African athletes, it seems, have been relying on chemistry as much as genetics
). Athletes from other ex-Soviet states such as Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus also fall foul of anti-doping officials with striking frequency.
But other entries are perhaps more surprising. East African athletes, especially from Kenya and Ethiopia, have long excelled at long-distance running. Their dominance has led sports scientists to publish papers exploring whether people from that part of the world might have some genetic advantage that makes them particularly suitable for endurance events.
Different drugs have different effects. Anabolic steroids—close chemical cousins of testosterone, the chief male sex hormone—are best known for building muscle, making them useful in power-focused events like sprints, throwing and jumping. They are particularly effective in women’s sports. The women’s 100- and 200-metres world records, for instance, were set by Florence Griffith Joyner in 1988, when steroid abuse was rampant and mostly uncontrolled.
Since the AIU’s figures reflect only athletes that have been caught, they give only a partial picture of how widespread doping really is. As detection technology improves,
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