How do these clouds of small dust grains form?
Clouds on Earth are made of water, but on other planets, they consist of chemicals like ammonia and ammonium hydrosulfide. Extraterrestrial clouds can also be made of silicates, the family of rock-forming minerals that make up over 90 percent of Earth’s crust.The temperature range at which silicate clouds may formby the space agency published on Thursday. The research deciphers the temperature range at which silicate clouds can form high in a distant planet’s atmosphere.
Clouds — no matter what they're made of — develop in the same basic way. The ingredient heats up until it becomes a vapor. Then it's trapped, cooled until it condenses, and there you go: a cloud! Chemicals like water, salt, ammonia, and sulfur can form clouds. So can silicate, but that only happens on extremely hot worlds because rock vaporizes at an extremely high temperature.
“We had to dig through the Spitzer data to find these brown dwarfs where there was some indication of silicate clouds, and we really didn’t know what we would find,” said Genaro Suárez, a postdoctoral researcher at Western University and lead author of the new study. “We were very surprised at how strong the conclusion was once we had the right data to analyze.”The researchers concluded that the temperature needed to be just right for clouds to form.
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