It's definitely not an optical illusion.
, astronomers used NASA's Nuclear Spectroscopic Telephone Array to observe a ULX designated M82 X-2 that'stimes brighter than the Sun, and confirmed that it does actually exceed the Eddington limit — no tricks of the light required.
As such, astronomers used to think that ULXs were black holes that surrounded themselves with enough gas and dust that gradually heated up over time, eventually radiating light. This explanation would avoid the Eddington limit being defied., the incredibly dense core of a once massive star that collapsed in on itself without forming a black hole. As some of the densest objects in the universe, neutron stars wield a gravitational pull about 100 trillion times stronger than Earth's.
Proving that this would be enough to produce sufficient light to constitute a ULX is a whole other can of worms, however.
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