Recently on SAPIENS: A series of Stone Age geniuses invented a range of technologies that shaped human evolution and laid the foundation for our world.
It’s not impossible that people invented similar technologies in different parts of the world at roughly the same time, and in some cases, this must have happened. But the simplest explanation for the archaeological data we have is that instead of reinventing technologies, many advances were made just once, then spread widely. After all, assuming fewer innovations requires fewer assumptions.
But how did technology spread? It’s unlikely individual ancient people traveled long distances through lands, so humans in Africa probably didn’t meet Neanderthals in Europe, or vice versa. Instead, technology and ideas diffused—transferred from one band and tribe to the next, and the next, in a vast chain linking modernin Southern Africa to archaic humans in North and East Africa, and Neanderthals in Europe.
Archaeology shows such trade is ancient. Ostrich eggshell beads from South Africa, up to 30,000 years old, have been found over
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