Smokers who switched to either e-cigarettes or nicotine replacement therapy experienced a comparable positive cardiovascular impact after 3 months, according to a study published in BMCMedicine.
All outcomes were assessed with participants abstaining from caffeine, main meals, supplements, and e-cigarettes and smoking for at least 3 h prior to the assessments. Premenopausal women were studied during days 1–7 of their menstrual cycle to minimize the influence of cyclical changes in female hormones and strenuous exercise was avoided for at least 12 h prior to the assessments. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and repeated at 3 and 6 months after the quit date.
We developed a multiple linear regression model for our repeated continuous outcome measures , using a generalized estimating equations approach. We made this change from the ANOVA specified in the protocol as GEE is more robust to misspecification of the dependency structure, which results from the repeated assessments of individual over time [].
As additional post hoc analyses, separate GEE models were run for the “cessation” sub-group, which included those that stated that they had stopped smoking and had their status biochemically validated by exhaled air measurement of < 10 ppm CO in line with the Russell Standard [Unadjusted mean differences were calculated as the mean change from baseline to a given time point, for the %FMD, ACh, SNP, and MAP.
For health-related quality of life , mean values for the three participant groups were compared, and the net changes from baseline to 3 and 6 months were estimated. Also, the proportion of patients with sub-optimal levels on each of the five dimensions was compared at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Quality-adjusted life-years were calculated by multiplying the duration of time spent in various health states by the HRQoL weight associated with that health state.
Health economics were assessed using participants’ resource use diaries alongside costs for the delivery of 12 weeks of behavioral change intervention , and costs for the intervention materials . NHS smoking cessation delivery costs were estimated to include clinic nurse time and the number of sessions delivered to NRT participants.
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