Juno's has Been Touring Jupiter's Moons on its Extended Mission. Next Stop: Volcanic Io - by spacewriter
The discovery image from Voyager 1 of Io’s volcanic plume. Courtesy NASA/JPL.
The volcanic activity on Io gives it a mottled, pizza-like appearance. There are hundreds of vents and calderas on the surface and these create a huge variety of interesting features. Volcanic plumes and lava flows across the surface show up in a palette of colors, from red and yellow to orange and black. Some of the lava “rivers” stretch for hundreds of kilometers.
Why is Io volcanic? Look at where it is. Jupiter on one side and two outer moons on the other. The planet’s huge gravity pulls on Io while Europa and Ganymede tug on it from their direction. That tug-of-war actually deforms Io, basically stretching and squeezing it. The friction of that action heats the interior, in a process called “tidal heating.” That causes the surface to bulge up and down as much as 100 meters.
Io constantly “repaves itself” with lava. That volcanism also feeds a thin atmosphere made mostly of sulfur dioxide. It also sends particles into the magnetosphere, where they create a huge donut-shaped “torus” of plasma surrounding Jupiter. The moon itself travels inside Jupiter’s much stronger and more extensive magnetosphere and the magnetic field lines trap particles from the torus. They spiral into the Jovian poles and create glowing auroral displays.
. It recently flew past Ganymede and Europa, gathering data about those two icy moons. It extended our view of Ganymede under the surface. At Io, it will speed through the extended torus of ions several times to get more information about the radiation environment. This is useful information for the
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