Astronomers have measured the Universe's expansion rate and found that various methods don't agree, and their error bars don't overlap. This is called the 'Hubble Tension' or the 'Crisis in Cosmology.' Either the measurements are wrong, or new physics is waiting to be discovered. Cosmologists have proposed a period of rapid expansion early on in the Universe called 'Early Dark Energy.' Still, a recent paper suggests one rapid expansion event wouldn't explain other observations about the Universe. It's probably a combination of factors.
Perhaps tweaking dark energy will solve Hubble Tension, but Sunny Vagnozzi doesn’t think so. In a recent article, he outlines seven reasons to suspect dark energy won’t be enough to solve the problem. It’s an alphabetical list of data that shows just how deep this cosmological mystery is.The idea behind this one is simple. If you know the age of a star or galaxy a billion light-years away, then you know the Universe must have been at least that old a billion years ago.
The maser method gives a Hubble parameter of about 72 – 77 /Mpc, while the gravitational lensing approach gives a value of about 63 – 70 /Mpc. These results are tentative and fuzzy, but it looks as if even model-independent measures of the Hubble parameter won’t eliminate the tension problem.Within general relativity the Hubble parameter is constant. The Lambda is a cosmological constant, driving expansion at a steady pace.
When we look at fluctuations within the CMB, most of them are on a scale predicted by the LCDM model, but there are some larger scale fluctuations that are not, which we call anomalies. Most of these anomalies can be accounted for by the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect. How this pertains to cosmic inflation is that since most of the ISW happens in the early period of the Universe, it puts limits on how much you can tweak dark energy to address the tension problem.
We have come a tremendous way in our early understanding of the cosmos. We know vastly more than we did even a decade or two ago. But the power of science is rooted in not resting on our success. No matter how successful our models are, they are, in the end, never enough.
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