The link between someone’s social identity, political ideology and party appears to be growing stronger
, educated, and female at various points since the 1960s. When a person’s social identity is more tied to their party affiliation, partisan bias grows. In 1978, Americans were 27 points colder toward voters from parties other than their own on a 100-point scale. The gap grew to 56 points by 2020 . The same cannot be said for issue-position polarisation over the same period.
Political scientists have several hypotheses for why partisan sorting has occurred. One explanation is America’s two-party system, which makes it easier to form strong political identities than in countries with several major parties, where holding views that cross party lines is more common. Another is the growth of media outlets that increasingly appeal to partisan viewpoints. Fox News was started in 1996, and social polarisation accelerated sharply in the years afterwards.
So has political polarisation grown in America? In one sense, yes. . But in terms of their positions on many issues, Americans have not grown to be as extreme. This has led to a paradox of polarisation. Despite agreeing on much, Americans dislike each other more than ever.
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