A decade-long photographic exploration of the ocean has just reached Panarea, a volcanic island near Sicily, to record the underwater volcanic activity there
Alexis Rosenfeld - @alexis.rosenfeld
The researchers regularly dive to observe and sample curtains of bubbles that originate from magma reservoirs below Earth’s crust. “At some hydrothermal vents, the temperature reaches 140°C and the pH is around 2, so it can really corrode everything. Our diving equipment is easily destroyed, so we have to replace them every year,” says Italiano.The bubbles of volcanic gas are mainly composed of carbon dioxide, as well as hydrogen sulphide and traces of helium and argon.
Manganese emerges from other areas – where the temperature is around 138°C – giving the appearance of black smoke .
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