How long COVID is defined and measured affects prevalence estimation Coronavirus Disease COVID LongCOVID medrxivpreprint unisouthampton OfficialUoM LivUni ucl cochrane_idg UniversityLeeds
Long COVID has been established as an adverse outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections that affects the routine activities of many individuals and refers to the development or persistence of COVID-19 symptoms after the acute COVID-19 phase.
The team searched English publications in databases such as Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, the Cochrane COVID-19 study register, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, medRxiv preprint server, World Health Organization ’s ICTRP and the global research on COVID-19 databases between January 1, 2020, and November 2, 2021.
The risk of bias was assessed based on a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale, and subgroup analyses were performed. Long COVID prevalence was estimated based on the cumulative incidence of ≥1 or the most commonly reported persistent symptom or pathological change. The I2 statistic was used to calculate study heterogeneity.
Of the included studies, 24 were conducted in China, 66 in Europe, 14 in North America, and 16 in other nations. The participants were recruited from communities, outpatient settings, social media, and healthcare institutions. The prevalence of incomplete recovery to full fitness/health after ≥12 weeks of acute COVID-19 ranged between 8.0% and 70.0%, and a 31% prevalence was reported for lower quality of life. The most commonly reported symptoms of long COVID were fatigue, breathing difficulties, sleep disturbances, itching or tingling sensations, and muscle/joint pain. In addition, pulmonary, cardiovascular and neurological pathologies were most commonly reported.
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