The cellular processes involved in gene regulation can be unexpectedly complicated. The expression of genes—the when, where and how much of gene activity—underlies all of biology, but is surprisingly poorly understood.
Biological complexity—the gloriously complicated and convoluted living world around us—is driven by regulation and specificity.
Essentially, every cell in a multicellular organism has the same set of genes known as their genome. What givestheir unique identity—what makes a skin cell a skin cell and not a muscle cell—is their specific set of genes that are turned on or off. This regulation process is incredibly specific but frustratingly messy, and follows staggeringly tangled webs of rules.
This complexity makes the details of regulation of gene activity one of the great unknowns of modern biology. In our paper, we explore how chromosomes physically interact and share information, how that sharing substantially modifies, and how that modification varies drastically between individuals. All three of these points explain some of the complexity in gene expression, but all three have been largely ignored in conventional modeling of gene regulation.
Geneticists have been taught that chromosomes are independent, don't modify each other's expression and that gene expression is similar between individuals. Except they aren't, they do and it isn't.
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