Turkish election history has an interesting story with many ups and downs from the days of the Independence War in the 1920s to the rise of the AK Party in 2002
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the first president of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye. / Photo: AA Archive
The elections in this period were largely ceremonial because only unchallenged CHP candidates had a chance to win seats in Turkish parliament. In 1876, as a result of the Ottoman reform program, the empire turned into a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and of course elections. The first polls were held respectively in 1876 and 1877, when the parliament passed an election law, which had been in effect until 1943 even during the Republic period.
At the end of WWI, the Allied powers invaded most of the Ottoman territories. In 1919, Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish Independence War against the British-French occupying powers. Although the invading powers took pride in having democratic governments, they closed the Ottoman parliament and exiled most of its deputies in 1920.
Another crucial election happened in June 1923 prior to the declaration of the Turkish Republic in October the same year, which also marked the transition from the empire to the Republic. The 1923 election had crucial effects starting the CHP’s one-party rule, which did not face any opposition party in the next five elections in 1927,1931,1935,1939 and 1943. Opposition groups like the Progressive Republican Party and Free Republican Party just briefly existed as both parties were closed down and could not participate in any elections.
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