Unequal power dynamics across society have resounding negative impacts on how women interact with cancer prevention, care and treatment. According to a new Lancet Commission, gender inequality and discrimination influence women's rights and opportunities to avoid cancer risk factors and impede their ability to seek and obtain timely diagnosis and quality cancer care.
"The impact of a patriarchal society on women's experiences of cancer has gone largely unrecognized. Globally, women's health is often focused on reproductive and maternal health, aligned with narrow anti-feminist definitions of women's value and roles in society, while cancer remains wholly under-represented," says Dr. Ophira Ginsburg, Senior Advisor for Clinical Research at the National Cancer Institute's Center for Global Health and co-Chair of the Commission.
Approximately 1.3 million women of all ages died in 2020 due to four of the major risk factors for cancer—tobacco, alcohol, obesity, and infections. The burden of cancer in women caused by these four risk factors is widely under-recognized. For example, a study from 2019 found only 19% of women attending breast cancer screening in the UK were aware that alcohol is a major risk factor for breast cancer.
"While men are at higher risk for most cancer types that develop in both sexes, women have approximately the same burden from all cancers combined, with 48% of cancer cases and 44% of cancer deaths worldwide occurring in women. Of the 3 million adults diagnosed with cancer under the age of 50 in 2020, two out of three were women. Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in women and many die in their prime of life, leaving behind an estimated 1 million children in 2020 alone," says Dr.
"Gender norms mean women are often expected to prioritize the needs of their families at the expense of their own health, sometimes leading to the postponement of seeking health care. This can be exacerbated as gender norms also exclude men from participating in childcare in many settings, meaning it's hard for a mother to find childcare while they seek care for their own health needs," adds co-author Prof Nirmala Bhoo-Pathy, Universiti Malaya and Queen's University Belfast.
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