Black holes with exceptionally large masses—over a million times the mass of the Sun, known as supermassive black holes (SMBHs)—are commonly found in the universe today. Nonetheless, their origins, as well as the specifics of when, where, and how they came to be over the course of 13.8 billion years
Research spanning the last several decades indicates that a SMBH resides at the core of each galaxy, and its mass is almost always about one-thousandth that of its host galaxy.
An example of the night-sky photograph we took with the Subaru Telescope. The tiny red dot at the center of the magnified image represents the light from a distant quasar, which existed when the universe was 800 million years old .
The large number of quasars discovered has allowed them to determine the most fundamental measure called the “luminosity function,” which describes the space density of quasars as a function of radiation energy. They found that quasars were forming very rapidly in the early universe, while the overall shape of the luminosity function remained unchanged over time.
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