'It is our own ocean, but instead of catching fish, we are too afraid to go back there because somebody might attack us,' Dionesio Cabacungan, a fisherman at Sisiman Port, Philippines, told RadioFreeAsia. 'They tried to shoot at us. Three times they shot.'
The South China Sea, teeming with rich natural resources and fishing areas, has been a sought-after region for more than half a century. Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam all have competing territorial claims in the area, while China holds that the vast majority of the water mass is within its sovereignty.
Despite a 2016 landmark Hague ruling that China's jurisdictional claims in the South China Sea have no legal basis, it appears that China's expansion efforts have yet to be threatened. Beijing effectively ignores the ruling, continuing to claim almost all of the Sea as its territory. Coastal states have a right to both regulate and exploit areas of the ocean falling within their jurisdiction, a right that does not override other states' right to freedom of navigation and access to certain resources. In an effort to balance these rights, UNCLOS allows for the establishment of maritime zones by coastal states. Jurisdictional rights are then based upon the location of the given zone.
The territorial sea comprises everything from the baseline to no more than 12 nautical miles beyond it. Coastal states have jurisdiction and sovereignty over this zone, with rights extending downward to the seabed and subsoil and upward to airspace. These rights are limited, however, by other states' right to innocent passage through territorial seas.
The continental shelf is an innate seaward extension consisting of only the seabed and subsoil. Coastal states have the sovereign right to both explore and exploit the waters in this zone, extending 200 nautical miles from the baseline or to the continental margin, whichever is further.
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