In a paper recently published in Nature Photonics, scientists from the Center for Quantum Information and Communication – Brussels Polytechnic School of the Free University of Brussels report the discovery of an unexpected counter-example that challenges conventional understanding of photon bunching
Anomalous bunching effect in which all photons coalesce into two output beams.
Light does not escape this duality: it can either be described as an electromagnetic wave or it can be understood as consisting of massless particles traveling at the speed of light, namely photons. This comes with another remarkable phenomenon: that of. Loosely speaking, if there is no way to distinguish photons and know which path they follow in a quantum interference experiment, then they tend to stick together.
This is precisely what one observes experimentally if the two incident photons on the half-transparent mirror have, for example, distinct polarization or different colors: they behave as classical balls and do not bunch anymore. This interplay between photon bunching and distinguishability is commonly admitted to reflect a general rule: bunching must be maximum for fully indistinguishable photons and gradually decline when photons are made increasingly distinguishable.
The Belgian team took advantage of a connection between the physics of quantum interferences and the mathematical theory of permanents. By leveraging a newly disproved conjecture on matrix permanents, they could prove that it is possible to further enhance photon bunching by fine-tuning the polarization of the photons.anomalous bunching phenomenon
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