Age-related changes in microbiome composition affects brain macrophages Brain Neurology Microbiome Aging Gut microbiota metabolites macrophages frontiersin UniFreiburg
By Dr. Priyom Bose, Ph.D.Sep 13 2022Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc. Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease , are affected by changes in the gut microbiome. In addition, several factors, such as aging, impact the composition of the gut microbiome.
Macrophages and microglia express many receptor families associated with the degradation of necrotic and old tissues. Typically, the CNS is marginally impacted by the transient activation of brain macrophages. Nevertheless, aging causes persistent brain macrophage activation and chronic systemic inflammation, which subsequently leads to behavioral, physiological, and cognitive dysfunction.
Along with morphological and genetic changes, activated microglia also produce proinflammatory cytokines that enhance the inflammatory response. Although the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β , IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α , prevent further damage to cells in the CNS, increased levels of these cytokines can damage neurons and glial cells.
Non-parenchymal CNS-associated macrophages include perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages, all of which are part of the brain's innate immune cells. These cells affect cerebral inflammation, which is also influenced by metabolites released from gut microbes.
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